" Basically, a traffic stop is "an interpretative act," the article explains. The officer has to determine and identify the "physical and behavioral clues that indicate a violation of the law" (Vito, 91). The officer has to "translate those cues into legal procedures and rules of evidence." This takes training, and when the dust has settled, the question that is important is was their "probable cause" to justify the stop, the search, the ticket or the arrest? An article in the online version of the San Francisco Chronicle (Fagan, 2008) refers to a situation in Palo Alto, California, in which the police chief, Lynne Johnson, was forced to apologize after issuing a directive to her officers "that appeared to order officers to stop African-Americans on the streets in an effort to solve a rash of robberies" (Fagan, 2008). In fact there had been 16 street robberies in the Palo Alto area since June, 2008; the chief (who is Caucasian) told her officers that, when in a neighborhood where a lot of robberies had been committed, if they "...see an African-American,...
This seems clearly to be racial profiling, and when it comes through an order from the chief of police, it is very serious. In this case, the apology from the chief of police was helpful, but the article pointed out that "the wounds" from the racially charged order will "take some work to heal."
Racial Profiling The distinguished Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., director of Harvard's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Studies, was arrested for trying to break into someone's house. It happened to be his own (Project America; 2008). This is but one of numerous cases of racial profiling that has been documented in this country and that points to the injustice and irrationality of singling out ethnic minorities for
Ramirez et al. explains this clearly stating "when law enforcement practices are perceived to be biased, unfair, and disrespectful, communities of color and other minority groups are less willing to trust and confide in law enforcement officers and agencies, to report crimes that come to their attention, to provide intelligence and information, and to serve as witnesses at trials (Ramirez et al., 1996)." The author further explains that as
The individual who learns the intensity of the racial hatred that exists through experiential learning knows that it is never wise to walk amongst the roses with one's head in the clouds just thinking or dreaming because living in the world meant watching at all times for approaching insult, breach of rights, danger and even death due to racial profiling. III. Perspective Two: The Public Official The public official is ever
As such, the question of fairness is not easily decided. Yet, we see that the Supreme Court has upheld racial profiling if used as a complementary technique. The American people as well support the utilitarian view that racial profiling is fair when evaluated in the context of all stakeholders, even if it seems unfair to a small few. The philosophical outlook of some may lead them to label racial
In evaluating the legality of racial disparities in law enforcement, the courts have clearly sought to determine the motivation for discriminating." (Knowles et al, 207) This illustrates a wide political and philosophical variance in the way that Americans understand this concept of police discrimination, with the courts asking questions seeming to imply that discrimination is not in and of itself a negative thing. Quite to the point, across the last eight years, the War On Terror had
Racial Profiling: To What End?" By John P. Crank attempts to reason upon the race debate concerning racial profiling. He attempts to focus on broad implications that police policy has on society. It seems to concentrate on whether or not policy is racist concerning inner-city populations with high crime rates. This perspective misses the mark entirely. High crime rates, in dense populations of minorities, mean reactive politics resulting in
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